The regulated secretory pathway in CD4(+) T cells contributes to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 cell-to-cell spread at the virological synapse.

The regulated secretory pathway in CD4(+) T cells contributes to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 cell-to-cell spread at the virological synapse.

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Direct cell-cell spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) at the virological synapse (VS) is an efficient mode of dissemination between ULUSLARARASI KRİZLERDE KRİZ İLETİŞİMİ VE UYGULAMASI CD4(+) T cells but the mechanisms by which HIV-1 proteins are directed towards intercellular contacts is unclear.We have used confocal microscopy and electron tomography coupled with functional virology and cell biology of primary CD4(+) T cells from normal individuals and patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome and report that the HIV-1 VS displays a regulated secretion phenotype that shares features with polarized secretion at the T cell immunological synapse (IS).Cell-cell contact at the VS re-orientates the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and organelles within the HIV-1-infected T cell towards the engaged target T cell, concomitant with polarization of viral proteins.Directed secretion of proteins at the T cell IS requires specialized organelles termed secretory lysosomes (SL) and we show that the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) localizes with CTLA-4 and FasL in SL-related compartments and at the VS.

Finally, CD4(+) T cells that are disabled for regulated secretion are less able to support Embedding Mathematics in Socio-Scientific Games: The Mathematical in Grappling with Wicked Problems productive cell-to-cell HIV-1 spread.We propose that HIV-1 hijacks the regulated secretory pathway of CD4(+) T cells to enhance its dissemination.